Afghanistan Cave Complexes 1979-2004: "mountain Strongholds Of The Mujahideen, Taliban & Al Qaeda" (fortress)
by Mir Bahmanyar /
2004 / English / PDF
12.8 MB Download
Following the Soviet invasion in 1979, the Mujahideen defenders of
Afghanistan developed and reinforced many natural cave systems to
use as supply bases and defensive positions. The Taliban and Al
Qaeda further strengthened these positions in the 1990s. Following
the events of September 11, 2001, these cave systems have once more
come to prominence and sites such as Tora Bora and Zhawar Kili have
featured in news headlines around the world. This title provides an
analysis of these caves and underground systems, and discusses the
U.S.-led Coalition's tactical approach to dislodging the enemy from
these fortified positions.
Following the Soviet invasion in 1979, the Mujahideen defenders of
Afghanistan developed and reinforced many natural cave systems to
use as supply bases and defensive positions. The Taliban and Al
Qaeda further strengthened these positions in the 1990s. Following
the events of September 11, 2001, these cave systems have once more
come to prominence and sites such as Tora Bora and Zhawar Kili have
featured in news headlines around the world. This title provides an
analysis of these caves and underground systems, and discusses the
U.S.-led Coalition's tactical approach to dislodging the enemy from
these fortified positions.